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Digital Equipment Corp. FOCAL language manuals and information
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DEC-FOCAL-Manuals-and-Info/Running-Focal-1969.txt

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  1. 

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  7. 

  8. Wiki page [Running FOCAL,1969] by tangent on 2019-08-16 10:53:09.

  9. 

  10.     D 2019-08-16T10:53:09.799

  11.     L Running\sFOCAL,1969

  12.     N text/x-markdown

  13.     P 60654cf50ba89d59b29c7845781d17b27cdf3a45

  14.     U tangent

  15.     W 6148

  16.     The PiDP-8/I project defaults to [U/W FOCAL][uwf], but it has [an option][opt] that lets you either add FOCAL,1969 to this or switch to it by disabling U/W FOCAL entirely:

  17. 

  18.         $ ./configure --enable-os8-focal69 --disable-os8-uwfocal

  19. 

  20.     Once that software is built and installed, you might then wonder, "How do I get started?" This document is our answer to that question.

  21. 

  22. 

  23.     # Running Programs with OS/8

  24. 

  25.     OS/8 does not handle commands the same way as Unix, MS-DOS, or the Windows command shells `cmd.exe` and PowerShell. The first word in an OS/8 command is handled either by the OS/8 Keyboard Monitor or by the optional Concise Command Language (CCL) feature of OS/8. (See pages 1-35 and 1-52 in the [1974 edition of the OS/8 Handbook][hb], respectively, for more information on these OS/8 features.)

  26. 

  27.     In Unix terms, it is as if OS/8 has nothing but [shell built-in commands][sbi]. There is no command `PATH` in OS/8, not even a hard-coded one.

  28. 

  29.     If you want to run external executables in OS/8 (e.g. `*.BN`, `*.LD`, `*.SV`, etc.) you must give a Keyboard Monitor or CCL command to load them, or you must run a command that can in turn load them.

  30. 

  31.     CCL adds some aliases for running binaries that makes it work more like Unix or DOS (e.g. "TECO"), but don't get confused about what's going on here: these are just one-off helpers, not generic support of running external programs as shell commands.

  32. 

  33. 

  34.     # Starting FOCAL,1969

  35. 

  36.     I've taken the time to go into all of that detail because it explains why none of the following commands start the `FOCAL.BN` binary we ship when you build the OS/8 disk packs with FOCAL,1969 enabled:

  37. 

  38.         .FOCAL

  39.         .R FOCAL

  40.         .RUN FOCAL

  41. 

  42.     What you actually want is to start the OS/8 absolute binary loader, which is what handles `*.BN` files such as `FOCAL.BN`:

  43. 

  44.         .R ABSLDR

  45.         *FOCAL/G

  46. 

  47.     The `/G` option means "go," starting the program immediately after loading it into core memory.

  48. 

  49.     You'll get another "`*`" prompt after that, but it's from FOCAL, not `ABSLDR`. See page 1-108 in the OS/8 handbook linked above for more detail about `ABSLDR` commands.

  50. 

  51.     There's a CCL shortcut for this:

  52. 

  53.         .EXE FOCAL

  54. 

  55.     The "execute" command in CCL understands several file name extensions (not just `*.BN`) and has hard-coded recipes for loading and running each type of file. That shortcut doesn't have all of the flexibility you get from starting commands via the dedicated loader program, though, and it can sometimes cause trouble. (See "How to Wreck Your Adventure Game" in our [Adventure wiki article](Adventure) for an example.)

  56. 

  57. 

  58.     # Returning to OS/8 from FOCAL,1969

  59. 

  60.     Say "L" (`LOGICAL EXIT`) at the FOCAL `*` prompt to get back to OS/8. Unlike U/W FOCAL, FOCAL,1969 does not do this on Ctrl-C.

  61. 

  62. 

  63.     # Using FOCAL,1969

  64. 

  65.     There are several freely-available PDF documents for DEC FOCAL which apply to varying degrees to what we ship. We recommend reading them in this order:

  66. 

  67.     *   [DEC FOCAL booklet](https://www.grc.com/pdp-8/docs/Focal_Booklet.pdf) (PDF, 255 kB) — This is an excellent introductory booklet to get you started with programing in general through the medium of DEC FOCAL.

  68. 

  69.     *   [FOCAL-8 Programming Manual](https://www.pdp8.net/pdp8cgi/query_docs/view.pl?id=144) (PDF, 2.6 MB) — Despite the name, this is the best documentation on the version of FOCAL we ship with the PiDP-8/I project, according to Charles Lasner. It doesn't cover this OS/8 version of FOCAL specifically, but because it is derived from the original 4k paper tape version and the Disk Monitor System versions of FOCAL it does focus on, it's a good guide to the language proper.

  70. 

  71.     *   [Programming Languages: PDP-8 Family Computers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/handbooks/programmingLanguages_May70.pdf) (PDF, 19.2 MB) — This book covers several different PDP-8 programming language systems, with the FOCAL material being in Chapter 11. It doesn't talk about OS/8 FOCAL,1969 specifically, but rather in a generic fashion about all DEC FOCAL variants.

  72. 

  73.         This is the second book of a 2-volume set, with "[Introduction to Programming]((https://www.pdp8.net/pdp8cgi/query_docs/view.pl?id=537)" being the first. The linked-to January 1969 edition of that book did cover FOCAL (Chapter 9), but that material was later moved to this second volume (published May 1970) and improved considerably, so we cannot recommend learning FOCAL via "Introduction to Programming." The first volume was [later re-published](https://www.worldcat.org/title/introduction-to-programming-pdp-8-family-of-computers/oclc/2772287) without detailed coverage of the various programming languages, focusing on foundational matters. I don't know of an online source of this second edition of "Introduction to Programming."

  74. 

  75. 

  76.     # On Naming

  77. 

  78.     You might be wondering about our use of the name "FOCAL,1969". That's because that's how the software identifies itself on starting up:

  79. 

  80.         .EXE FOCAL

  81.         *W

  82.         C-FOCAL,1969

  83. 

  84.     Calling it by that name refers to a fairly specific version of the software, which matches what we distribute. It is sometimes also called "FOCAL 69", though that term was not favored by DEC.

  85. 

  86.     Another name that *was* favored by DEC's marketing department is "FOCAL-8." This is a generic name not referring to any specific version of FOCAL. You can read it as "DEC FOCAL on the PDP-8."

  87. 

  88.     There were many variants of FOCAL back in the day, some from DEC and some from outsiders. Because the language was never formally standardized, and there never was one dominant version, it can be useful to be specific about which variant you're talking about. Generic terms like "FOCAL", "FOCAL 69", or "FOCAL-8" should be used only when you're not trying to refer to a specific version.

  89. 

  90. 

  91. 

  92.     # License

  93. 

  94.     This article is © 2019 by Warren Young and is licensed under the terms of [the SIMH license][sl].

  95. 

  96.     [hb]:  https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp8os8_39414792

  97.     [opt]: https://tangentsoft.com/pidp8i/doc/trunk/README.md#options

  98.     [sbi]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_builtin

  99.     [sl]:   https://tangentsoft.com/pidp8i/doc/trunk/SIMH-LICENSE.md

  100.     [uwf]: /doc/trunk/doc/uwfocal-manual.md

  101.     Z db1f1aba24c210ccf1db4a7a1b3a3fcd

  102. 

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